English Note

• English Note
• Personal Pronouns人称代名词
• 代词 pronoun
• 发音 pronunciation
• 现在完成时和过去完成时
• like
• 词根2020/4/2
• tense
• Acronym
• adjectives with -ing or -ed
  • Compare Column A and B
  • Complete the following sentences with correct words.
• Countable and Uncountable (also non-count) noun
• some vs any
• 2020-05-20 testing
  • Single Choice
  • Cloze
  • Reading
• have和have got
• sentences
• little and few

Personal Pronouns人称代名词

Personal Pronouns人称代名词
	Subject主格		Object宾格		Possessive所有格
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
1st Person	I	we	me	us	my, mine	our, ours
2nd Person	you	you	you	you	your, yours	your, yours
3rd Person	he, she, it	they	him, her, it	them	his, her, hers, its	their, theirs

• English personal pronouns

	Nominative主格	Oblique/Objective case宾格	Reflexive反身词	Possessive determiner物主限定词	Possessive pronoun物主代词/所有格名词
1st pers. sing.	I	me	myself	my	mine
2nd pers. sing./pl.	you	you	yourself/yourselves	your	yours
3rd pers. sing.	she, he, they, it	her, him, them, it	herself, himself, themself, itself	her, his, their, its	hers, his, theirs, its
1st pers. pl.	we	us	ourselves	our	ours
3rd pers. pl.	they	them	themselves	their	theirs

代词 pronoun

序号	数		单数			复数
	种类	人称	一	二	三			一	二	三
1	人称代词 personal pronoun	主格 Subject pronoun / nominative case	I	you	he	she	it	we	you	they
		宾格 Object pronoun / objective case	me	you	him	her	it	us	you	them
2	物主代词 possessive pronoun	形容词性 adjectival	my	your	his	her	its	our	your	their
		名词性 nominal	mine	yours	his	hers	its	ours	yours	theirs
3	反身代词 reflexive		myself	yourself	himself	herself	itself	ourselves	yourselves	themselves
4	指示代词 demonstrative		this; that					these; those
5	不定代词 indefinite pronoun	指代人	somebody; someone; anybody, anyone; nobody; no one; everybody; everyone
		事物	something; anything; nothing; everything;
		指代人或事物	one; another; each; every; much; either; neither; little; a little;					ones; others; the others; both; few; a few; many; several;
			some; any; no; all; other; the other; none; a lot (of); such;
6	相互代词 reciprocal /rɪˈsɪprəkl/ pronoun		each other; one another; each other's; one another's;
7	疑问代词 interrogative /ˌɪntəˈrɒɡətɪv/		who(ever); whom(ever); whose(ever); which(ever); what(ever);
8	连接代词 conjunctional		who(ever); whom(ever); whose(ever); which(ever); what(ever);
9	关系代词 relative		who; whom; whose; which; that; as;

发音 pronunciation

• pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn/
• 
• watched和looked的ed发音是相同的，都发t的音。
• 加ed以后的发音有如下三种：
• 1、以清辅音结尾，[p][t][k][f][s][h]等字母结尾的单词＋ed是发[ t ]音
  • 如：helped, washed, watched, marked, finished, stopped, skipped, cooked, worked等
• 2、以浊辅音结尾，[g][v][z][r][m][n]等字母后和元音后＋ed读[d]
  • 如：cleaned, played, prepared等
• 3、在[t][d]后读[id]
  • 如：painted, started, visited等

现在完成时和过去完成时

• “现在完成时表示“用一个过去发生的动作来说明现在的情况”，结构为“主语+have/has+过去分词”或者“主语+have/has+not+过去分词”。
• 过去完成时表示“过去某个时候完成的动作”，结构为“主语 + had + 过去分词”或者“主语 +had + not + 过去分词”。”
• 现在完成时的动作发生在过去，但是时间参照点是现在
• 过去完成时的动作发生在过去，但是时间参照点是过去的某一时间。
• 请看下面两个例句
• I have lived in Thailand for five years. 
  • (我目前在泰国已经住了五年了)
  • live(居住)是上面例句的谓语，那么这个动作显然是发生在过去(五年前)，但是一直持续到现在，我们的时间参照点是“现在、当下”。
• I had lived in Thailand for five years before I went to China.
  • (在我来中国之前，我已经在泰国住了五年了)
  • live 这个动作发生在过去，是前面句子的谓语
• 以现在完成时谈论的是：“过去的动作对现在的影响，时间参照点是现在”;
• 过去完成时谈论的是：“发生在过去的两个动作的先后关系，在前的动作加上助动词 had 构成过去完成，在后的动作用一般过去时即可”

like

2020-04-01 Dingtalk

• What's your sister like? 你姐姐怎么样？/你姐姐是怎样一个人？(注意可以有以下两种回答)
• She is kind. 她很善良。
• She is a beautiful kind girl with long hair and two big eyes. 她是一个长发大眼漂亮又善良的女孩。
• What does your sister look like? 你姐姐长什么样子？(注意只有这一种回答)
• She is tall. She has long black hair. She is very beautiful. 她个子很高。她有一头嘿嘿的长发。她很漂亮。
• She looks like her mother. 她看起来像她的妈妈。（外貌）注意这里只能指外貌

• She is like her mother. 她像她的妈妈。(性格)注意这里多指性格。

• 辨析：what's sb like? 询问性格或品质

• 回答：主 + 描述性格/品质的adj
• what's sth like? 询问事务性质或天气状况
• 回答: It's + 描述天气的adj
• What does sb like? 询问某人喜欢什么(like是动词)
• 除了要注意look like和be like的区分外，还要注意和like的区分，尤其是变问句。

词根2020/4/2

• herbivore /ˈhɜːbɪvɔː(r)/ n. [动] 食草动物 N. an animal that feeds on plants. (注意词根herb意思)
• vegetarian /ˌvedʒəˈteəriən/ n. 素食主义者；食草动物 adj. 素食的；素的
• carnivore /ˈkɑːnɪvɔː(r)/ n. [动] 食肉动物；食虫植物 N. an animal that feeds on flesh
• biped /ˈbaɪped/ adj. 有两足的 n. 两足动物 an animal that uses two legs for walking
• quadruped /ˈkwɒdruped/ n. [脊椎] 四足动物 adj. 有四足的 an animal which has four feet, especially an ungulate mammal
• ungulate /ˈʌŋɡjuleɪt/ adj. 有蹄的；像蹄子的 n. 有蹄类动物
• mammal /ˈmæml/ n. [脊椎] 哺乳动物
• predator /ˈpredətə(r)/ n.[动] 捕食者；食肉动物；掠夺者
• scavenger /ˈskævɪndʒə(r)/ n. 食腐动物；清道夫；[助剂]清除剂；拾荒者

tense

16种时态 tense

Acronym

• 常见的英语缩写：
• ICYMI= In Case You Missed It 释义： 以防万一；万一你错过了。
• AMA – ask me anything 随便问。
• BRB – be right back 马上回来。
• BTW – by the way 顺便问一下。
• FYI – for your information 仅供参考。
• GG – good game 认输退出。
• IDC – I don’t care 无所谓。
• IDK – I don’t know 不知道。
• IKR – I know right? (This is an emphatic expression of agreement.) 同意，中枪。
• ILY – I love you 我爱你！
• IMO – in my opinion 我认为。
• JK – just kidding 开个玩笑。
• LOL – laugh out loud 大声笑。
• LMAO – Laugh my ass off 笑死我了！
• OMG – oh my god 哦，我的天！
• PPL – people 人们。
• TGIF – thank God it’s Friday 感谢老天，总算到星期五了！
• THX – thanks 谢谢！
• TBH – to be honest 老实说。
• WTF – what the f*ck (This is an emphatic expression of surprise or anger.) 这TMD怎么回事！
• YOLO – you only live once 你只活一次，想做什么就做什么吧。

adjectives with -ing or -ed

• adjectives with -ing are the cause of the feeling/situation
• adjectives with -ed are the feelings of the person/animal affected

Compare Column A and B

Column A	Column B
1 She is shocked to find mayonnaise in her hot dog.	2 A hot dog with mayonnaise on it is shocking.
3 I was confused by the judge.	4 The judge was confusing.
5 John is tired after a long day at work.	6 A long way at work is tiring.
7 We were excited to play extreme sports.	8 Extreme sports are exciting.
9 My grandmother is bored.	10 My grandmother is boring.

Complete the following sentences with correct words.

• I love listening to (~~relaxed/~~relaxing) music at home.
• I was very (bored~~/boring~~) in class yesterday.
• That test was very (~~challenged/~~challenging)
• Action movies are (exciting~~/excited~~).
• My friend was (entertained~~/entertaining~~) when she watched the show.
• I'm very (disappointed~~/disappointing~~) with my results.
• I read some (startling~~/startled~~) statistics recently.
• I saw an (amazing~~/amazed~~) concert recently.
• I'm so (frustrated~~/frustrating~~) with my stupid husband!
• English is a very (interesting~~/interested~~) language!

Countable and Uncountable (also non-count) noun

• 可数: biscuit；cookie；spice；cake; ingredient
• Is cake countable or uncountable?
  • If you are talking about part of an object, the noun is often uncountable。
  • cakes. You are talking about two whole cakes, so the noun 'cake' is countable.
• 不可数: broccoli；pasta；bread；toast；yoghurt；cheese；butter；petrol
• Why is bread a Noncount noun?
  • Bread and meat are uncountable nouns because they are "mass nouns", i.e. they can't be divided into single units (we can't say one bread, two meats). To do so we have to use another type of nouns called Partitive nouns (a kilo of meat, a loaf of bread).

some vs any

• some和any的用法区别
• 一、some的用法：
• 1、用在肯定句中，意为“一些（a few / a little）”
  • We love taking some photos when seeing sights. 我们喜欢在观光时拍些照片。
  • There are always some friends who I can turn to in trouble. 总有一些朋友，在有困难时我可以求助于他们。
  • I need some advice on how to improve my English. 我需要一些如何提高英语水平的建议。
  • What you need is just some confidence and courage. 你需要的只是一些自信和勇气。
• 2、用在疑问句中，意为“一些（a few / a little）”
  • 1）表示请求，邀请，或建议的一般疑问句。
  • Would you like some wine first? 你想先喝点酒吗？
  • Would you like some more cake? 还想再来点蛋糕吗？
  • May I ask you some questions? 我可以问你几个问题吗？
  • 2）提问人预计得到回答是肯定的一般疑问句。
  • Are there some eggs in the fridge? 冰箱里有鸡蛋吗？
  • Have you got some cash? 你有现金吗？
  • Can you take some measures to stop it? 你们能采取措施阻止它吗？
  • 这种情况和any很难区别，考试时为了保险还是用any吧。老师不会和你理论是否想得到肯定回答。
  • 3）特殊疑问句及选择疑问句。
  • 因为并不是对some所修饰或代替的名词表示疑问。
  • Where can I get some travel information? 我在哪里可以得到一些旅游信息？
  • Why do some people disagree with the plan? 为什么有些人不同意这个计划？
  • Do you have some pens or pencils? 你有钢笔或铅笔吗？
• 二、any的用法
• 1、any用在一般疑问句中，意为“一些（a few / a little）”
  • Are there any trains to Beijing at night? 晚上有去北京的火车吗？
  • Is there any news about them? 有他们的消息吗？
  • Have you been to any interesting places? 你去过什么有趣的地方吗？
• 2、any用在否定句中，意为“没有一个/点; 没有人（none）”
  • There isn’t any money in my wallet. 我的钱包里没有钱。
  • There aren’t any students” in the classroom. 教室里没有学生。
  • “not any” 相当于“no”.
  • I don't like any of them. 我一个都不喜欢。
  • He has two sisters but I haven’t any. 他有两个妹妹，但我没有。
• 3、any也可以肯定句中，意为“任何”
  • You can read any book in our library. 你可以读我们图书馆的任何一本书。
  • Any of the four seasons is warm here. 这里四季如春。（任何季节都很温暖）
• 注：由some-和any-构成的复合不定代词和不定副词，其用法区别多与some和any相同。
• If there's anything I can do to help, please let me know. 如果有什么我能帮忙的，请告诉我。
• Is there anything I can do to help? 有什么我能帮忙的吗？
• Something is wrong with the car. 这辆车出毛病了。
• There is not anybody except two waitresses in the restaurant. 餐馆里除了两个女招待外没有其他人。
• Have you met her anywhere before? 你以前在哪儿见过她吗？
• You can drop by anytime. 你可以随时来玩。
• Haven't you forgotten something? 你是不是忘了什么？
  • （肯定态度，提醒对方）
• Do you like (~~an ice cream/some ice cream/~~ice cream)?

2020-05-20 testing

Single Choice

• What () your sister () this Saturday? Something special, because it's her birthday.
• A. are...going to do [√]B. is...going to do C. does...do [×]D. did...do
• David () at home when I called at seven o'clock yesterday evening?
• [×]A. didn't 助动词无实际词义，不是动词 B. doesn't [√]C. wasn't系动词 D. isn't

Cloze

• Mother's Day
• 12-year-old, 12-yr-old, 12 years old, 12 yrs old
• means /miːnz/ n. 手段；方法；财产 v. 意思是；打算（mean的第三人称单数）
• But the price - five dollars - was far beyond his means.
• feed and clothe 供吃穿
• His mother, Dora, tried hard to feed and clothe their five children.
• She was on her own with two kids to feed and clothe. 她独自一人要供两个孩子吃穿。
• shopkeeper 店主、老板
• Reuben respectfully touched his worn cap. 鲁宾恭恭敬敬地碰了碰他那顶破帽子。
• respectfully /rɪˈspektfəli/ adv. 尊敬地
• worn /wɔːn/ adj. 疲倦的；用旧的 v. 穿；磨损（wear的过去分词）；佩戴
• Hearing the sound of hammering from a side street 听到从小巷传来的敲击声
• He ran towards the sound and stopped at a construction site (建筑工地).
• The shadows were lengthening 影子拉长
• Why do you need this money so badly? 你为什么这么需要这点儿钱？
• badly adv. 非常，很；严重地，厉害地；恶劣地
  • want/need sth. badly 非常需要
• hurriedly /ˈhʌrɪdli/ adv. 匆忙地；仓促地
• immediately adv. 立即，立刻；直接地; conj. 一…就
• head for 前往；出发；取向于
• Clutching the can tightly, Reuben headed for the shop.
  • clutch /klʌtʃ/ v. 紧握；（因害怕或痛苦）突然抓住；突然感到恐惧; n. 离合器（踏板）；一群；控制；紧握；一窝蛋；女式无带手提包; adj. 紧要关头的
• solemnly 英 /ˈsɒləmli/ 美 /ˈsɑːləmli/ adv. 庄严地；严肃地
• He placed a small box in her work roughened hand. 他把一个小盒子放在她因劳作而变得粗糙的手上。
• velvet /ˈvelvɪt/ n. 天鹅绒，丝绒；天鹅绒似的东西; adj. 天鹅绒的; 复数 velvets
• lift the lid 掀开盖子; 揭开盖子
• Tears began to blur her vision. 泪水模糊了她的视线。
• In gold lettering on a small, almond-shaped brooch was the word Mother. 在一枚小巧的杏仁形胸针上刻着金字:母亲。
• almond /ˈɑːmənd/ n. 扁桃仁；扁桃树; 复数 almonds
• brooch 英 /brəʊtʃ/ 美 /broʊtʃ,bruːtʃ/ n.（女用的）胸针，领针; 复数 brooches

Reading

• Catalina Sea Camp
• catalina n. 远程轰炸机 n. (Catalina)人名；(法、西)卡塔利娜；(英)卡塔莉娜
• Santa Catalina Island 圣卡塔利娜岛另一为圣塔卡特莱那岛纳岛卡塔琳娜岛
• Camp /kæmp/ n. 露营；营地；度假营；拘留营；兵营；阵营；放牧区；年度短期兵役；史前古营垒遗址；造作的举止; v. 露营；扎营；（牲畜）集中休息；扎围栏; adj. 女性化的；夸张的，（服饰）稀奇古怪的
• camper n. 露营者，野营者
• marine science 海洋科学
• marine /məˈriːn/ adj. 船舶的；海生的；海产的；航海的，海运的; n. 海运业；舰队；水兵；（海军）士兵或军官
• Marine Biology (生物) 海洋生物学
• cookery /ˈkʊkəri/ n. 烹饪术；烹饪；烹调；（北美）烹饪处，厨房; 复数 cookeries
• windsurfing /ˈwɪndsɜːfɪŋ/ n. 帆板运动; v. 风帆冲浪（windsurf的ing形式）
• northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest
• looked for
• They discovered that he had fallen apart. (fall apart)
• The stones that made his face sank down the mountain. (sink down)
• they had to give up.
• They figured out (断定) that the damage from the weather was just too bad.
• journey /ˈdʒɜːni/ n. 旅行；行程; vi. 旅行
• journal /ˈdʒɜːnl/ n. 日报，杂志；日记；分类账; 复数 journals
• Tangier /tæn'dʒiə/ n. 丹吉尔（摩洛哥港口城市，等于Tangiers）
• Mecca /ˈmekə/ n. 麦加（沙特阿拉伯一座城市）；众人渴望去的地方
• abandon /əˈbændən/ v. 遗弃；离开；放弃；终止；陷入; n. 放任，狂热
• manuscript ˈmænjuskrɪpt/ n. (图情) 手稿；原稿; adj. 手写的; 复数 manuscripts
• Ibn Battuta 伊本·白图泰(旅行家)
• Columbus /kəˈlʌmbəs/ n. 哥伦布（美国一座城市）；哥伦布（意大利航海家）
• Moroccan /məˈrɑːkən/ adj. 摩洛哥的; n. 摩洛哥人
• Morocco /məˈrɒkəʊ/ n. 摩洛哥（非洲一国家名）；摩洛哥皮革
• set off for 出发；开始；赛跑；动身前往
• out of curiosity 出于好奇心
• out of 由于；缺乏；自…离开；用…（材料）
  • out of breath 喘不过气来, 上气不接下气, 喘不过起来
• curiosity /ˌkjʊəriˈɒsəti/ n. 好奇，好奇心；珍品，古董，古玩; 复数 curiosities
• Islamic /ɪzˈlæmɪk; ɪzˈlɑːmɪk/ adj. 伊斯兰教的；穆斯林的
• Islamic world 伊斯兰世界
• Arab /ˈærəb/ n. 阿拉伯人；adj. 阿拉伯的；阿拉伯人的，与阿拉伯人有关的；复数 Arabs
• Arabia /ə'reibiə/ n. 阿拉伯半岛（亚洲西南部，等于Arabian Peninsula）
• Arabian /əˈreɪbiən/ adj. 阿拉伯（人）的，（与）阿拉伯（有关）的; n. （史）阿拉伯人（或居民）; 复数 Arabians
• Peninsula 英 /pəˈnɪnsjələ/ 美 /pəˈnɪnsələ/ n. 半岛; 复数 peninsulas
• sultan /ˈsʌltən/ n. 苏丹（某些伊斯兰国家统治者的称号）
• attack (袭击) /əˈtæk/ n. 攻击；抨击；疾病发作; vt. 攻击；抨击；动手干; vi. 攻击；腐蚀
• unpredictable (难以捉摸的) character
• on shore
• a sudden storm grounded(使…搁浅) and broke up two ships.
• drown /draʊn/ vt. 淹没；把…淹死; vi. 淹死；溺死
• After a life time of incredible adventures, 在经历了一生难以置信的冒险之后，
• incredible /ɪnˈkredəbl/ adj. 不能相信的，难以置信的；极好的，极大的; 比较级 more incredible最高级 most incredible
• adventure /ədˈventʃə(r)/ n. 冒险；冒险精神；投机活动; vt. 冒险；大胆说出; vi. 冒险
  • adventurous /ədˈventʃərəs/ adj. 爱冒险的；大胆的；充满危险的
• wisdom /ˈwɪzdəm/ n. 智慧，才智；明智；学识；至理名言; n. (Wisdom)人名；(英)威兹德姆; 复数 wisdoms
• fortunately /ˈfɔːtʃənətli/ adv. 幸运地
• translate into 翻译成
• Which phrase is closest in meaning to set off for in paragraph 2?
• left to go to
• researcher /rɪˈsɜːtʃə(r); ˈriːsɜːtʃə(r)/ n. 研究员; 复数 researchers
• discover /dɪˈskʌvə(r)/ vt. 发现；发觉; vi. 发现
• discovery n. 发现，发觉；被发现的事物; 复数 discoveries
• marshall /'mɑ:ʃl/ n. 元帅；典礼官；执法官；法官的随行官员（等于judge's marshal）; vt. 安排；引领；统帅; vi. 各就各位；按次序排列成形（等于marshal）; (Marshall 人名)马歇尔
• 英 /djuːk/ 美 /duːk/ n. 公爵，（公国的）君主；公爵（种）樱桃; n. (Duke)人名；(西、俄、瑞典、英)杜克
• Emory /'eməri/ University 埃默里大学, 美国艾莫利大学
• challenge (挑战)
• workmate, classmate, schoolmate, roommate, teammate, intimate n. 知己；至交
• degree /dɪˈɡriː/ n. 程度，等级；度；学位；阶层; 复数 degrees
• set out to 打算, 着手, 开始, 出发去
• conclusion(结论)
• complimentary close
• Plotline / plot line
• psychological (心理学的)
• sense of control over their lives 对自己生活的掌控感
• sense /sens/ n. 感觉，官能；观念；道理；理智; vt. 感觉到；检测
• self-respect /ˌself rɪˈspekt/ n. 自重，自尊
• from generation to generation (代代传承)
• intergenerational /,ɪntədʒenə'reɪʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adj. （与）几代人（有关）的；影响几代人的；代与代之间的
• intergenerational self
• sense of history 历史感
• blow /bləʊ/ away 吹走, 吹散, 刮走, 卷走; 过去式 blew; 过去分词 blown; 现在分词 blowing; 复数 blows
• tradition /trəˈdɪʃn/ n. 惯例，传统；传说; 复数 traditions
• positive /ˈpɒzətɪv/ ( 正面的) story
• That act alone may prove the fact that your family will thrive (兴旺) for many generations to come.
• Reading Comprehension
• Researchers have recently discovered how to make families work more successfully. A surprising idea has appeared: the single most important thing you can do for your family, it seems, is to develop a family story.
• I first heard this idea in the mid-1990s from Marshall Duke, a professor at Emory University. Duke was studying stories in families when his wife, a children’s learning specialist, made a discovery: “The students who know a lot about their families will do better when they face challenges (挑战),” Sara said.
• Interested, Duke set out to test her conclusion(结论). He and Emory’s workmate Robyn Fivush developed a method called the “Do You Know?” degree that asked children to answer 20 questions such as: Do you know where your grandparents grew up? Do you know where your mum and dad went to high school? Do you know about an illness or something really terrible that happened in your family?
• Duke and Fivush asked those questions to members of four dozen families in 2001. They then compared the children’s results with a group of psychological (心理学的) tests the children had taken and reached a conclusion that agreed to Sara’s theory. The more children knew about their families’ histories, the stronger their sense of control over their lives, the higher their self-respect, and the more successfully they believed their families worked from generation to generation (代代传承).
• “We were blown away,” Duke said. The researchers mentioned the children after the terrible events of September 11, 2001. “Once again,” Duke said, “the ones who knew more about their families proved to be stronger.”
• Why does knowing where her grandmother went to school help a child overcome something terrible and difficult? Duke said that children who have the most self-confidence have what he calls “a strong intergenerational self”. They know that they come from something bigger than themselves.
• Duke suggested that parents do the same activities with their children again and again. Any kind of activities work to teach the sense of history: holidays, vacations, big family get-togethers, even a drive to the shop. “These traditions become part of your family,” Duke said.
• Years of research have shown that most happy families also communicate successfully, but it’s not simply a matter of talking through problems. Talking also means telling a positive ( 正面的) story about yourselves. When faced with a challenge, happy families, like happy people, just add a new chapter (章) to their life story that shows them overcoming the difficulty. This skill is very important for children when they are growing up.
• The bottom lines: if you want a happier family, create, refine and retell the story of your family’s best moments and your relations’ ability to overcome difficulty. That act alone may prove the fact that your family will thrive (兴旺) for many generations to come.
• What does the passage mainly tell us? (D)
• A. Happy children are usually brought up in happy families.
• B. Our family is the most important place to teach children.
• C. There are many things for the young to learn from the old.
• D. Family history plays an important part when children grow up.
• What can the “Do you know?” degree tell us? (C)
• A. What relation in one’s family is.
• B. What story one’s family has had.
• C. How much one knows his family.
• D. How much one loves his family.
• The underlined sentence “We were blown away” in the passage may mean “___.” (A)
• A. We were surprised very much
• B. We were deeply moved
• C. We were punished seriously
• D. We were completely lost
• Which of the following is true, according to the passage? (C)
• A. The event of September 11, 2001 helped Duke draw his conclusion.
• B. Duke thinks that a strong intergenerational self is the most important.
• C. Duke and Sara’s research work led us to an unexpected conclusion.
• D. According to Duke, positive talks will add new chapters to one’s life.

have和have got

• 一、have和have got的区别
• 1.have (has) [formal]
  • 肯定句：主语 + have/has + 其他
  • 否定句：主语 + don't/doesn't have +其他
  • 一般疑问句：Do/Does + 主语 + have + 其他？
• 2.have got (has got) [informal]
  • 肯定句：主语 + have (has) got + 其他
  • 否定句：主语 + haven't (hasn't) got + 其他
  • 一般疑问句：Haven't / Hasn't + 主语 + got + 其他？
• 二、注意：在下列情况下不能用have got来代替have。
• 1.在情态动词，助动词或动词不定式之后，只能用have，不用have got。
  • 如：May I have some more tea? 我可以再喝点茶吗？
  • Would you like to have another apple? 你想再吃一个苹果吗？
• 2.在过去时，完成时或进行时中，不用have got，而用have。
  • 如：Li Hong had a problem. 李红有一个问题。
  • I have had the bike for three years. 我买这辆自行车已经3年了。
• 3.固定短语中不用have got。
  • have a rest/a swim/a wash/a drink/a meeting/lunch
• 综上：
• 1.have got首先它是一般现在时，并不是现在完成时，have只是助动词，它的问句和否定句都是借助have去构成问句和否定。
• 2.have got可以用的语境非常少，他只表示informal的“拥有”，多用于一般现在时，进行时过去时完成时它都用不了
• New Headway Unit 9 City Living T9.6
• Grammar Spot
  • 1 Have and have got both express possession. We use have got more in spoken English.
  • I (have) a good job. = I('ve got) a good job.
  • (Do) you (have) a nice flat? = (Have) you (got) a nice flat?
  • She (doesn't have) a car. = She (hasn't got) a car.
  • 2 The past of have and have got is had.
  • I had a boring job, so I left.

sentences

I'm deeply honored by this immeasurable invitation ... 我深感荣幸能受到这无限的邀请 ... but with humble apologies ... 但是我很抱歉... I cannot accept it. I left home under cover of darkness and betrayed my family's trust. I made choices I knew would risk their dishonor. 我做出了我知道会让他们蒙羞的选择。 I have pledged an oath to be loyal, brave, and true. 我发过誓忠诚、勇敢、真诚 In order to fulfill this oath ... 为了履行这个誓言 ... I must return home and make amends to my family. Devotion to family is an essential virtue.

little and few

• little, less, least
• less的原型是单词little,它只能用于修饰不可数名词。具体而言，less用于抽象的、不可数的名词前
• few, fewer, fewest
• fewer的原型单词是few,它只能用于修饰可数名词。具体而言，fewer用于具体的、可数的名词前